Le Congrès Mondial sur Le Génie Rural pour un Monde Meilleur s'est tenu en septembre 2006 à Bonn (Allemagne) et a été organisé en collaboration avec la Division des infrastructures rurales et des agro-industries de la FAO, avec la Commission Internationale de Génie Rural (CIGR), avec la Société Européenne des Ingénieurs Agricoles (EurAgEng), et avec l'Association Max-Eyth pour le Génie Rural dans le cadre de l'association des ingénieurs allemands (VDI-MEG). Afin de se préparer aux défis du 21ème siècle, la FAO a dirigé 2 ateliers lors de ce Congrès. Le premier avait pour thème principal défis pour une mécanisation agricole dans l'Afrique Subsaharienne et le deuxième s'attachait à l'utilisation de la technologie dans un souci de valorisation et d'amélioration de la qualité. La FAO est un médiateur expert de l'industrie agro-alimentaire, ainsi que des technologies de production et de transformation. Il est à noter en particulier, que le programme des agro-industries de la FAO insiste de plus en plus sur l'approvisionnement pertinent d'intrants sur l'innovation et sur le développement des chaînes de valeur. Dans ces secteurs, les améliorations ont le potentiel de faciliter l'accès des producteurs aux marchés, et d'augmenter les possibilités de soutenir et d'améliorer la vie et le bien-être à quelque niveau que ce soit dans le monde. Ce Rapport Technique contient les résultats du Congrès, et encourage les lecteurs, ainsi que les personnes amenées à prendre des décisions, à tenir compte du rôle important des technologies dans le secteur technique pour le développement et bien entendu pour un monde meilleur.
Les conflits entre les humains et la faune sauvage existent depuis l'aube de l'humanité. En Afrique, ces conflits sont devenus plus fréquents et plus graves au cours des dernières décennies en raison de l'augmentation de la population humaine, de l'extension des infrastructures routières et du développement de l'agriculture et des activités industrielles. La présente publication a été réalisée pour faciliter la coexistence entre les humains et la faune sauvage et aider les communautés affectées par les conflits à appliquer de bonnes stratégies de gestion. Cet ouvrage qui met l'accent sur les grands herbivores et carnivores expose la problématique générale, décrit différentes méthodes de gestion des conflits et présente un cadre décisionnel en trois étapes. Cette publication, finalisée lors d'un atelier rédactionnel organisée par la FAO et la Fondation internationale pour la sauvegarde de la faune (Fondation IGF) en janvier 2008, est destinée aux populations locales, aux paysans, aux gestionnaires de la faune, aux acteurs du développement et aux chercheurs, aux autorités locales, régionales et nationales, ainsi qu'à tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur le sujet.
Les biocarburants menacent-ils la sécurité alimentaire ? Permettront-ils de réduire les gaz à effet de serre ? Peuvent-ils aider à promouvoir le développement agricole ? La Situation mondiale de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture 2008 fait le point sur le débat en cours sur les biocarburants, examine les données tangibles qui existent sur ces questions fondamentales, et en décrit l'impact sur la sécurité alimentaire, sur l'environnement et sur le développement agricole dans les pays en développement. Le rapport fait aussi le point sur les politiques permettant de réduire les risques associés aux biocarburants, et de partager plus largement les avantages qu'ils offrent. Publié également en anglais, en arabe, en chinois, en espagnol et en russe.
The annual Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues was held in Rome, Italy, from 3 to 12 October 2006. The FAO Panel of Experts had met in Preparatory Sessions from 28 September to 2 October. The meeting was held in pursuance of recommendations made by previous meetings and accepted by the governing bodies of FAO and WHO that studies should be undertaken jointly by experts to evaluate possible hazards to humans arising from the occurrence of pesticide residues in foods. During the meeting, the FAO Panel of Experts was responsible for reviewing pesticide use patterns (good agricultural practices), data on the chemistry and composition of the pesticides and methods of analysis for pesticide residues and for estimating the maximum residue levels that might occur as a result of the use of the pesticides according to good agricultural practices. The WHO Core Assessment Group was responsible for reviewing toxicological and related data and for estimating, where possible, acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of the pesticides for humans. This report in two volumes contains information on ADIs, maximum residue levels and general principles for the evaluation of pesticides. The recommendations of the joint meeting, including further research and information, are proposed for use by Member Governments of the respective agencies and other interested parties.
The annual Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues was held in Rome, Italy, from 3 to 12 October 2006. The FAO Panel of Experts had met in Preparatory Sessions from 28 September to 2 October. The meeting was held in pursuance of recommendations made by previous meetings and accepted by the governing bodies of FAO and WHO that studies should be undertaken jointly by experts to evaluate possible hazards to humans arising from the occurrence of pesticide residues in foods. During the meeting, the FAO Panel of Experts was responsible for reviewing pesticide use patterns (good agricultural practices), data on the chemistry and composition of the pesticides and methods of analysis for pesticide residues and for estimating the maximum residue levels that might occur as a result of the use of the pesticides according to good agricultural practices. The WHO Core Assessment Group was responsible for reviewing toxicological and related data and for estimating, where possible, acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of the pesticides for humans. This report in two volumes contains information on ADIs, maximum residue levels and general principles for the evaluation of pesticides. The recommendations of the joint meeting, including further research and information, are proposed for use by Member Governments of the respective agencies and other interested parties.
The State of Food and Agriculture 2007 explores the potential for agriculture to provide enhanced levels of environmental services alongside the production of food and fibre. The report concludes that demand for environmental services from agriculture - including climate change mitigation, improved watershed management and biodiversity preservation - will increase in the future, but better incentives to farmers are needed if agriculture is to meet this demand. As one among several other possible policy tools, payments to farmers for environmental services hold promise as a flexible approach to enhancing farmer incentives to sustain and improve the ecosystems on which we all depend. Nevertheless, challenges must be overcome if the potential of this approach is to be realized, especially in developing countries. Policy efforts at international and national levels are necessary to establish the basis for such payments. The design of cost-effective programmes requires careful analysis of the specific biophysical and socio-economic contexts and consideration of the poverty impacts programmes may have. By clarifying the challenges that need to be addressed in implementing such an approach, this report is intended to contribute to the realization of its potential. Included in this issue is a mini CD-ROM of the FAO Statistical Yearbook 2005-2006 Vol.2/1, containing time series data for 200 countries.
Significant changes are taking place in the value chain for many agricultural commodities, particularly those fresh products destined for supermarket shelves. The changing patterns of these value chains in agriculture affect equity between producers and buyers and equity among producers themselves, alter the allocation of resources in agriculture and have implications for domestic as well as international policy. This set of workshop proceedings is published to assist in the understanding and analysis of the implications of these developments, particularly the development of market power among the participants in these markets.
Workplace safety and environmental sustainability can be promoted by agreed standards, certification and labelling. Relevant standards for cash crops in developing countries are reviewed here, including organic agriculture, fair-trade labelling, Social Accountability-8000, the Rainforest Alliance's Sustainable Agriculture Programme, the Ethical Trading Initiative, ISO-14001 and EurepGap. The origins of these initiatives, their scope and certification system are explored. In addition, this publication discusses stakeholder involvement, the standard-setting process, verification methods, the relationship with World Trade Oganization agreements and the potential role of governments. Twenty-two case studies on the impact of these standards and certification programmes on production costs and revenues for farmers in developing countries are presented, in addition to the latest data available on the markets for certified and labelled bananas, coffee, tea and citrus. This publication will be useful to governments, private companies and non-governmental organizations facing complex decisions regarding environmental and social standards, certification and labelling.
Introduction. Major edible nuts. Minor edible nuts. Potential edible nuts.
Introduction. Considérations générales. Le feu et le domaine forestier. Le feu et l'aménagement forestier. Lutte contre les feux. Cas particuliers et expérimentaux
La maîtrise de l'eau est un élément déterminant pour la sécurisation de la production agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest. L'ensemble des méthodes de calcul des crues et des apports annuels les plus fréquemment utilisées en Afrique de l'Ouest ont été mises à jour et sont rassemblées pour la première fois dans un ouvrage unique. Un fichier présentant 414 bassins versants, étudiés et recensés avec leurs caractéristiques hydrologiques, est également joint au document. Ce manuel devrait permettre aux ingénieurs et hydrologues de disposer d'un outil performant pour les assister dans le dimensionnement des ouvrages de petite hydraulique rurale.
The main objective of this consultation was to review the scientific basis and procedures to establish effective post-release monitoring of genetically modified (GM) crops and develop guidelines to strengthen the capacities of member countries to design and carry out monitoring programmes. The major outputs of the meeting were: a review of scientific criteria and procedures that address the technical aspects of monitoring environmental effects of GM crops, two strategies that could be used as the basis for efficient monitoring programmes, and recommendations for scientists managing the monitoring process, policy and decision-makers, FAO and other relevant international agencies.
Le bromure de méthyle est largement utilisé comme fumigant du sol dans plusieurs pays et doit être urgemment et graduellement retiré. Toutefois, des alternatives doivent être développées et transférées aux producteurs. Ce processus est possible seulement dans la mesure où une formation compréhensible des vulgarisateurs et des paysans dans la gestion intégrée des nuisibles (GID) est menée. Ce manuel offre un modèle de formation sur la GID dans le cas du bromure de méthyle comme fumigant du sol. Il décrit brièvement les éléments et les étapes de ce processus de formation et définit le cadre de sa réalisation. Il comprend une bibliographie et indique les pages Web concernant les alternatives au bromure de méthyle. Préparé et publié grâce au financement FAO/PNUE dans le cadre du projet EP/INT/903/UEP, le document est destiné aux chercheurs, vulgarisateurs et agents de développement chargés de la formation des paysans concernant les nouvelles alternatives au bromure de méthyle comme fumigant du sol.
Conscients des menaces qui pèsent sur leurs écosystèmes forestiers, les pays d'Afrique centrale multiplient les efforts en vue de l'aménagement durable de leurs forêts par l'adoption, par exemple, de nouvelles politiques, la révision des lois forestières, et l'élaboration de programmes forestiers nationaux. Les initiatives de gestion forestière durable comprennent la décentralisation des pouvoirs à l'échelle locale, les approches participatives et la prise en compte des usages et fonctions multiples des forêts. Afin de rendre compte des multiples efforts entrepris en matière d'aménagement forestier depuis une vingtaine d'années, la FAO, dans le cadre du Programme de partenariat FAO/Pays-Bas, et en étroite collaboration avec des agences régionales et internationales, a lancé une nouvelle initiative intitulée Recherche d'excellence visant à Identifier et documenter les exemples réussis d'aménagement durable des forêts. En Afrique centrale, utilisant une approche ouverte, transparente et participative, on a obtenu 24 nominations provenant de neuf pays de la sous-région. Ce document décrit ces forêts et fournit des analyses plus approfondies sous forme de 14 études de cas. Les pratiques d'aménagement identifiées témoignent de l'évolution du secteur forestier en Afrique centrale. Les modèles de gestion forestière sont de plus en plus complexes : les interventions impliquent dorénavant les différents acteurs de la gestion forestière, prennent en compte les différents produits et services dérivant de la forêt, visent à la diminution de la pauvreté et contribuent à la conservation de la biodiversité. En dépit des nombreuses contraintes identifiées, de nouvelles approches et techniques sont utilisées pour divers objectifs de gestion forestière, à différentes échelles et pour des structures de gestion variées. Cette compilation d'informations constitue une source d'inspiration pour les acteurs du secteur forestier et peut donner lieu à une application plus vaste de pratiques de gestion forestière améliorée et incluant tous les aspects du développement durable.
Horticultural produce plays a significant role in human nutrition by supplying vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and anti-oxidants to the diet. The quality and safety of horticultural produce reaching the consumer hinges upon pre-harvest factors as well as proper post harvest management practices throughout the chain, from the field to the consumer. Each stakeholder along the post-harvest chain- i.e. those involved in harvesting, handling and marketing of fresh produce- has a role to play in assuring the safety and quality of fresh produce. Basic approaches to maintaining the safety and quality of horticultural produce are the same, regardless of the market to which this produce is targeted. This document reviews the factors which contribute to quality and safety deterioration of horticultural produce, and describes approaches to assuring the maintenance of quality and safety throughout the post-harvest chain. Specific examples are given to illustrate the economic implications of investing in and applying proper post-harvest technologies. Criteria for the assessment of post-harvest needs, the selection of post-harvest technologies appropriate to the situation and context, and for extending appropriate levels of post-harvest information are also discussed. This bulletin is targeted for use by extension workers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who provide training and support to the small-scale post-harvest sector. It is also intended for use as a reference source by government departments and policy makers with an interest in development of the post-harvest sector.
Le monde progresse-t-il vers la gestion forestière durable ? Cette question a servi de cadre à l'Évaluation des ressources forestières mondiales 2005 (FRA 2005), la plus exhaustive à ce jour des séries de la FAO sur ces évaluations, couvrant 229 pays et zones pour la période comprise entre 1990 et 2005. Cette publication, le rapport principal de FRA 2005, contient des données par pays, fournies par les correspondants nationaux et révisées et regroupées par la FAO, concernant davantage de variables forestières clés que dans toute autre évaluation précédente. Sur la base de ces résultats, le rapport analyse les progrès accomplis vers la gestion forestière durable. Le présent rapport est un ouvrage de référence indispensable pour ceux qui s'intéressent à la situation des forêts du monde, pour ceux qui participent aux négociations internationales portant sur les forêts et pour tous ceux qui sont soucieux de connaître la contribution des forêts au développement durable.
The annual FAO survey of world pulp and paper capacities is based on figures received from correspondents in many countries. A computer questionnaire was used in the enquiry, and the data were stored and processed by computer. The following are some features of the presentation: counry tables for pulp and paper are presented on one page, grade tables show volume of production capacity by country, for each product and product aggregate code, and production tables by country.
This report explores how farm productivity affects poverty, and how various factor market constraints affect farm productivity. The empirical analysis draws on representative surveys of farm households in Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma, two cash crop growing regions in the United Republic of Tanzania. Findings show that agricultural productivity directly affects household consumption and hence overall poverty and welfare. Analysis of allocative efficiency suggests that family labour is substantially overutilized, a sign of considerable excess labour supply. Use of intermediate inputs, on the other hand, is well below what is commensurate with the estimated value of their marginal productivities. An important reason for low input use is lack of credit to purchase inputs, but difficult access to the inputs themselves and, more broadly, a lack of connectivity to the economy, are also important impediments.
The impacts of climate variability and change are global concerns, but in Bangladesh, where large numbers of the population are chronically exposed and vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, they are particularly critical. Agricultural production is already under pressure from increasing demands for food and the parallel problem of depletion of land and water resources caused by overuse and contamination. The impacts of climate variability and change cause additional risks for agriculture. Within this context, FAO and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) are guiding a project to assess livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in the drought-prone areas of Northwest Bangladesh. The project specifically looks at: characterization of livelihood systems, profiling of vulnerable groups, assessment of past and current climate impacts, and understanding of local perceptions of climate impacts, local coping capacities and existing adaptation strategies. This report summarizes the project methodology developed and successfully tested during 2005/06, it discusses interim findings and recommendations resulting from the ongoing pilot learning process.
The last decade has witnessed a steady decline in the dollar values of many of the traditional agricultural export crops (TAEs) from developing countries and has highlighted the risks of depending upon a very narrow export base for foreign exchange earnings. Breaking the dependence upon the traditional primary commodities and diversifying into higher value or added value exports is not easy. This report provides an overview of the market for non-traditional agricultural exports or NTAEs. In particular, the report focuses upon the trends in international trade in these products, the trade and import policies of the major destination buyers, the extent of the adding-up problem for selected NTAEs, the lessons learned, and the prospects for developing niche markets for organic and fair trade NTAEs. The report provides detailed statistical data on trends in the export of NTAEs, during the ten-year period 1992 to 2001, both in volume and value terms, analyses the contribution of developing countries and least developed countries to trade in NTAEs, and identifies the leading developing country exporters. Trade and import policies of the key destination countries for NTAE = the European Union, the United States of America and Japan = are examined. Trade barriers such as tariffs and other import measures, including the complex area of phytosanitary controls, are examined and the impacts of tariff liberalization, tariff escalation and the extent of tariff preferences for developing country exporters of NTAEs are discussed. The report also explores the degree to which an increase in exports may lead to a proportionately lower increase, or even to a decline, in export revenues for selected fruits and vegetables among key countries and regions. A detailed review of the current literature on NTAEs is provided, with a particular focus on key issues for developing countries in the export horticulture sector. Other market opportunities for NTAEs are described focusing on developments in the markets for fair trade and organic produce.
One of the main objectives of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) negotiated under the Uruguay Round is to improve the access of developing countries to foreign markets. Constraints in the domestic supply chains of many countries, along with weak marketing support and trade facilitation services, have prevented them, however, from exploiting the opportunities provided by the AoA and by other agreements to improve market access. The aim of this guide is to inform policy analysts on issues that should be considered while developing policies and measures to break the main processing and marketing constraints that prevent their countries from fully exploiting their agrifood export potential.